指南
Docker 是轻量级虚拟化技术，可以在原生操作系统上虚拟出多个容器（虚拟机）。同时，Docker 配套镜像机制，可以将容器中所有程序和环境打包成“单一”文件，让软件的安装和运行无缝对接，彻底改变原来开发和运维工作的割裂问题。
场景
安装命令
如果您的服务器尚未安装 Docker，请使用如下命令安装它：
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh && sh get-docker.sh
curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/1.29.0/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
ln -sf /usr/local/bin/docker-compose /usr/bin
sudo systemctl start docker
镜像仓库加速
如果从 Dockerhub 下载镜像镜像非常慢的话，就需要通过如下的方式修改仓库地址：
-
选择或获取你喜欢的国内镜像仓库（加速地址）
#1 Docker 中文社区
https://registry.docker-cn.com
#2 网易仓库
http://hub-mirror.c.163.com
#3 腾讯 仓库
https://mirror.ccs.tencentyun.com
#4 阿里云仓库
https://f53jxx8r.mirror.aliyuncs.com上述阿里云仓库加速地址仅供参考，建议登录控制台后，从后台获取获取
-
修改 /etc/docker/daemon.json 文件（如果没有可以增加），插入下值
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://f53jxx8r.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
} -
重启服务后生效
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker -
Docker 支持配置多个仓库地址，类似：
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://registry.docker-cn.com","https://f53jxx8r.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"]
}
远程 API 访问设置
Docker 服务提供了丰富的 API 接口，默认只能在本地以 socket 通讯方式访问 API。
curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://docker/version
如果需添加远程访问 Docker API，需修改 Docker系统服务，然后在 ExecStart 这一行添加 -H tcp://0.0.0.0:2375
ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock -H tcp://0.0.0.0:2375
查看容器内部服务
虽然容器内无法使用 systemctl 命令，但是可以使用 service 命令查看和管理服务
# 查看所有服务状态
service --status-all
# 管理服务
service apache2 start | status | stop | restart
重置容器
cd /data/apps/appname
docker-compose down -v
docker-compose pull
docker-compose up -d
单容器升级
以正在运行的 MySQL 容器为例，如果没有持久化卷，容器的升级步骤：
#更新镜像
docker pull mysql
#停止容器
docker stop my-mysql-container
#删除容器
docker rm my-mysql-container
#重载容器
docker run --name=my-mysql-container --restart=always \
-e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=mypwd -v /my/data/dir:/var/lib/mysql -d mysql
多容器升级
如果使用的是 Docker-Compose 启动的多个容器，升级只需运行如下三条命令：
docker-compose down -v
docker-compose pull
docker-compose up -d
Docker-Compose 运行初始化命令
有三 种运行个性化命令的方式：
- command 实现，例如：command: bundle exec thin -p 3000
- entrypoint 实现，例如：entrypoint: /code/entrypoint.sh
- 多容器共享数据卷实现
superset-init:
image: *superset-image
container_name: superset_init
command: ["/app/docker/docker-init.sh"]
env_file: docker/.env-non-dev
depends_on: *superset-depends-on
user: "root"
volumes: *superset-volumes
superset-worker:
image: *superset-image
container_name: superset_worker
command: ["/app/docker/docker-bootstrap.sh", "worker"]
env_file: docker/.env-non-dev
restart: unless-stopped
depends_on: *superset-depends-on
user: "root"
volumes: *superset-volumes
故障排除
容器应用无法远程访问？
导致这个问题的可能原因有三点：
- 端口没有正确映射到宿主机
- 容器内部拒绝远程访问
- 服务器安全组对应的端口没有开放
docker-containerd.socket: timeout?
请关闭 SELinux，如果 SELinux 开启会导致 docker 无法启动。
Windows 中 Docker 无法启动？
检查您的 Windows 是否安装了 360 之类的安全软件，如果有请卸载它。
参数
路径
Docker 根目录: /var/lib/docker
Docker 镜像目录: /var/lib/docker/image
Docker daemon.json 文件：默认没有创建，请到 /etc/docker 目录下根据需要自行创建
Portainer 数据卷：/var/lib/docker/volumes/portainer_data/_data
Docker 系统服务： /lib/systemd/system/docker.service
端口
需要设置 Docker API 的端口
版本
# Docker Version
docker -v
服务
使用由 Websoft9 提供的 Docker 部署方案，可能需要用到的服务如下：
Docker 系统服务
sudo systemctl start docker
sudo systemctl restart docker
sudo systemctl stop docker
sudo systemctl status docker
Docker-Compose 服务
#创建容器编排
sudo docker-compose up
#创建容器编排并重建有变化的容器
sudo docker-compose up -d
#启动/重启
sudo docker-compose start
sudo docker-compose stop
sudo docker-compose restart
Docker 容器服务
终止命令
stop会从进程中释放容器的资源，但不会删除容器
#示例：mysql
sudo docker pause mysql
sudo docker stop mysql
#示例：redis
sudo docker pause redis
sudo docker stop redis
命令行
Docker 命令
下面是使用 Docker 可能需要用到的常见命令
systemctl start/stop docker 运行/停止 docker 服务
systemctl enable docker 使 docker 开机自启
docker pull 从镜像库拉取容器镜像
docker ps 查看正在运行的容器列表（可以看到容器ID，所映射的端口号等等）
docker ps -a 查看所有的容器（不管是否运行都能看到）
docker start/stop CONTAINER ID 开始/停止容器（CONTAINER ID 是容器的ID）
docker rm CONTAINER ID 删除容器
docker stop $(docker ps -aq) 停止所有容器
docker rm $(docker ps -aq) 删除所有容器
docker kill CONTAINER ID 直接关闭容器
docker rmi $(docker images -q) -f 删除所有镜像
docker images # 查询已下载镜像
更多详细命令
Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
Run a command in a new container
Options:
--add-host list Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
-a, --attach list Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
--blkio-weight uint16 Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
--blkio-weight-device list Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
--cap-add list Add Linux capabilities
--cap-drop list Drop Linux capabilities
--cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container
--cgroupns string Cgroup namespace to use (host|private)
'host': Run the container in the Docker host's cgroup namespace
'private': Run the container in its own private cgroup namespace
'': Use the cgroup namespace as configured by the
default-cgroupns-mode option on the daemon (default)
--cidfile string Write the container ID to the file
--cpu-period int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
--cpu-quota int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
--cpu-rt-period int Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
--cpu-rt-runtime int Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
-c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight)
--cpus decimal Number of CPUs
--cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
-d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID
--detach-keys string Override the key sequence for detaching a container
--device list Add a host device to the container
--device-cgroup-rule list Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
--device-read-bps list Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
--device-read-iops list Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
--device-write-bps list Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
--device-write-iops list Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
--disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true)
--dns list Set custom DNS servers
--dns-option list Set DNS options
--dns-search list Set custom DNS search domains
--domainname string Container NIS domain name
--entrypoint string Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
-e, --env list Set environment variables
--env-file list Read in a file of environment variables
--expose list Expose a port or a range of ports
--gpus gpu-request GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs)
--group-add list Add additional groups to join
--health-cmd string Command to run to check health
--health-interval duration Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-retries int Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
--health-start-period duration Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-timeout duration Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--help Print usage
-h, --hostname string Container host name
--init Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
-i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached
--ip string IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
--ip6 string IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
--ipc string IPC mode to use
--isolation string Container isolation technology
--kernel-memory bytes Kernel memory limit
-l, --label list Set meta data on a container
--label-file list Read in a line delimited file of labels
--link list Add link to another container
--link-local-ip list Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
--log-driver string Logging driver for the container
--log-opt list Log driver options
--mac-address string Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
-m, --memory bytes Memory limit
--memory-reservation bytes Memory soft limit
--memory-swap bytes Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
--memory-swappiness int Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
--mount mount Attach a filesystem mount to the container
--name string Assign a name to the container
--network network Connect a container to a network
--network-alias list Add network-scoped alias for the container
--no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
--oom-kill-disable Disable OOM Killer
--oom-score-adj int Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
--pid string PID namespace to use
--pids-limit int Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
--platform string Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
--privileged Give extended privileges to this container
-p, --publish list Publish a container's port(s) to the host
-P, --publish-all Publish all exposed ports to random ports
--pull string Pull image before running ("always"|"missing"|"never") (default "missing")
--read-only Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
--restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
--rm Automatically remove the container when it exits
--runtime string Runtime to use for this container
--security-opt list Security Options
--shm-size bytes Size of /dev/shm
--sig-proxy Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
--stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
--stop-timeout int Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
--storage-opt list Storage driver options for the container
--sysctl map Sysctl options (default map[])
--tmpfs list Mount a tmpfs directory
-t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY
--ulimit ulimit Ulimit options (default [])
-u, --user string Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
--userns string User namespace to use
--uts string UTS namespace to use
-v, --volume list Bind mount a volume
--volume-driver string Optional volume driver for the container
--volumes-from list Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
-w, --workdir string Working directory inside the container
Docker Compose 命令
$docker-compose -h
Define and run multi-container applications with Docker.
Usage:
docker-compose [-f <arg>...] [--profile <name>...] [options] [--] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
docker-compose -h|--help
Options:
-f, --file FILE Specify an alternate compose file
(default: docker-compose.yml)
-p, --project-name NAME Specify an alternate project name
(default: directory name)
--profile NAME Specify a profile to enable
-c, --context NAME Specify a context name
--verbose Show more output
--log-level LEVEL Set log level (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL)
--ansi (never|always|auto) Control when to print ANSI control characters
--no-ansi Do not print ANSI control characters (DEPRECATED)
-v, --version Print version and exit
-H, --host HOST Daemon socket to connect to
--tls Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify
--tlscacert CA_PATH Trust certs signed only by this CA
--tlscert CLIENT_CERT_PATH Path to TLS certificate file
--tlskey TLS_KEY_PATH Path to TLS key file
--tlsverify Use TLS and verify the remote
--skip-hostname-check Don't check the daemon's hostname against the
name specified in the client certificate
--project-directory PATH Specify an alternate working directory
(default: the path of the Compose file)
--compatibility If set, Compose will attempt to convert keys
in v3 files to their non-Swarm equivalent (DEPRECATED)
--env-file PATH Specify an alternate environment file
Commands:
build Build or rebuild services
config Validate and view the Compose file
create Create services
down Stop and remove resources
events Receive real time events from containers
exec Execute a command in a running container
help Get help on a command
images List images
kill Kill containers
logs View output from containers
pause Pause services
port Print the public port for a port binding
ps List containers
pull Pull service images
push Push service images
restart Restart services
rm Remove stopped containers
run Run a one-off command
scale Set number of containers for a service
start Start services
stop Stop services
top Display the running processes
unpause Unpause services
up Create and start containers
version Show version information and quit
模板
docker-compose 模板
services:
frontend:
image: awesome/webapp
ports:
- "443:8043"
networks:
- front-tier
- back-tier
configs:
- httpd-config
secrets:
- server-certificate
backend:
image: awesome/database
volumes:
- db-data:/etc/data
networks:
- back-tier
profiles:
- test
volumes:
db-data:
driver: flocker
driver_opts:
size: "10GiB"
configs:
httpd-config:
external: true
secrets:
server-certificate:
external: true
networks:
# The presence of these objects is sufficient to define them
front-tier: {}
back-tier: {}
dockerfile 模板
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM golang:1.16-alpine AS build
# Install tools required for project
# Run `docker build --no-cache .` to update dependencies
RUN apk add --no-cache git
RUN go get github.com/golang/dep/cmd/dep
# List project dependencies with Gopkg.toml and Gopkg.lock
# These layers are only re-built when Gopkg files are updated
COPY Gopkg.lock Gopkg.toml /go/src/project/
WORKDIR /go/src/project/
# Install library dependencies
RUN dep ensure -vendor-only
# Copy the entire project and build it
# This layer is rebuilt when a file changes in the project directory
COPY . /go/src/project/
RUN go build -o /bin/project
# This results in a single layer image
FROM scratch
COPY --from=build /bin/project /bin/project
ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/project"]
CMD ["--help"]